Citing Sources Guide

Tips:

Notes-  use specific page number where information is found

Bibliography - use the page range for the entire article

Online articles: use a URL, DOI, or name of the database

Multiple authors: Author Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. 

Notes with a URL/DOI

Long Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Cited Page(s), URL/DOI.

Example:

1. Priyamvada Paudyal et al., “Obtaining Self-Samples to Diagnose Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review of Patients’ Experiences,” PLoS ONE 10, no. 4 (2015): 2–3, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124310.

Short Format:

2. Paudyal, “Obtaining Self-Samples to Diagnose Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections," 3.

Bibliography with URL/DOI

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page Range of Article. URL/DOI.

Example:

Paudyal, Priyamvada, Carrie Llewellyn, Jason Lau, Mohammad Mahmud, and Helen Smith. “Obtaining Self-Samples to Diagnose Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review of Patients’ Experiences.” PLoS ONE 10, no. 4 (2015): e0124310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124310.

Bibliography with Name of Database when there is no URL or DOI

Long Notes with Name of Database

1. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

Short Note

 2. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Bibliography with Name of Database

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Magazine Title, Date, Cited Page(s), URL.

Example:

1. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times, March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Shorten Note:

2. Manjoo, “Snap.”

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title, Date. URL.

Example:

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Article Title," Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year. URL/DOI.

Example:

1. Associated Press, “Patriots-Steelers to Open N.F.L. Season.”  New York Times, April 22, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/sports/football/patriots-steelers-to-open-nfl-season.html.

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

Associated Press. “Patriots-Steelers to Open N.F.L. Season.” New York Times, April 22, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/sports/football/patriots-steelers-to-open-nfl-season.html.

Note:

Bibliography Multiple authors: Author Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. 

Long Notes: First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name

Short Notes: Last Name and Last Name

E-book

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s), format.

Example:

1. Adam Begley, Updike (New York: Harper, 2014), 32-47, iBooks.

Bibliography

Formats can be iBooks, Kindle, Nook, and Google Play Books, among others

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year. Format.

Example:

Begley, Adam. Updike. New York: Harper, 2014. Kindle.

Books Consulted Online

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s), URL.

Example:

1. Karen Lystra, Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 59, http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt8779q6kr/.

Shorten Note:

2. Lystra, Dangerous Intimacy, 60–61.

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year. URL.

Example:

Lystra, Karen. Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt8779q6kr/.

Edited and Translated Print Books

Notes

Format:

1. Editor First Name Last Name, ed., Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

Example:

1. Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

Bibliography

Format:

Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example:

Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Chapter of a Print Book

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Chapter/Essay Title," in Book Title, ed. Editor First Name Last Name (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

Example:

1. Kate Andersen Brower, “Backstairs Gossip and Mischief,” in The Residence: Inside the Private World of the White House (New York: Harper, 2015), 211.

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Chapter/Essay Title." In Book Title, Inclusive Pages of Chapter/Essay. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example:

Brower, Kate Andersen. “Backstairs Gossip and Mischief.” In The Residence: Inside the Private World of the White House, 207-22. New York: Harper, 2015.

Print Book

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), Cited Page(s).

Example:

1. Atul Gawande, Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End (London: Profile Books, 2014), 79–80.

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example:

Gawande, Atul. Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End. London: Profile Books, 2014.

Notes

Format:

1. "Page Title," Website Title or Site Sponsor, last modified Date, URL.

Example:

1. “Apps for Office Sample Pack,” Office Dev Center, Microsoft Corporation, updated October 20, 2015, https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/Apps-for-Office-code-d04762b7

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Page Title." Website Title or Site Sponsor. Last modified Date. URL.

Example:

Microsoft Corporation. “Apps for Office Sample Pack.” Office Dev Center. Updated October 20, 2015. https://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/Apps-for-Office-code-d04762b7.

Facebook

Notes

Format:

1. Author's Real Last Name, First Name (Screen name), "up to 160 characters of text of post." Social Media Service Name, Month Day, Year, URL.

Example:

1. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Bibliography

Format:

Author's Real Last Name, First Name (Screen name). "up to 160 characters of text of post." Social Media Service Name, Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

X

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Post Title," Blog Title (blog), Date, URL.

Example:

1. Conan O’Brien (@ConanOBrien), “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

Bibliography

Format:

Lastname, Firstname (Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, publication date, time stamp. URL.

Example:

O’Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

Blog

Notes

Format:

1. Author First Name Last Name, "Post Title," Blog Title (blog), Date, URL.

Example:

1. William Germano, “Futurist Shock,” Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017, http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Post Title," Blog Title (blog), Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

Germano, William. “Futurist Shock.” Lingua Franca (blog). Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

Notes

Format:

1. First Name Last Name, "Name of Source." (Type of thesis, Academic institution, Date). URL

Example:

1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008) ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Bibliography

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Name of Source." Type of thesis, Academic institution, Date. URL.

Example:

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

Video From an Online Source

Notes:

Format:

1. First Name Last Name, "Title of Work", directed/performed by Firstname Lastname (Original release year; City: Studio/Distributor, video release year), medium.

Example:

1.  Jamila Lyiscott, “3 Ways to Speak English.” Filmed February 2014 in New York, NY. TED video, 4:29.

Bibliography:

Format:

Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Date in Location. Medium, running time. Information on where the recording can be found

Example:

Lyiscott, Jamila. “3 Ways to Speak English.” Filmed February 2014 in New York, NY. TED video, 4:29. https://www.ted.com/talks/jamila_lyiscott_3_ways_to_speak_english.

Episode of a Series

Note:

Format:

1. Title of Work, season number, episode number, “Episode Title,” directed/written/performed by Firstname Lastname, aired Month day, year, on Network Name, URL. 

Example:

1. The Brady Bunch. Season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow.” directed by Russ Mayberry, aired November 19, 1971, https://www.hulu.com/the-brady-bunch.

Bibliography:

Format:

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Work. Season number, episode number, “Episode Title.” Directed/written/performed by Firstname Lastname, Aired Month day, year, on Network Name. URL.

Example:

Mayberry, Russ, dir. The Brady Bunch. Season 3, episode 10, “Her Sister’s Shadow.” Aired November 19, 1971, on ABC. https://www.hulu.com/the-brady-bunch.

Audio

Notes:

Format:

1. First Name Last Name, “Title,” Date of speech, location of speech, medium, running time, information on where the recording can be found.

Example:

1. Calvin Coolidge, “Equal Rights” (speech), ca. 1920, in “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920,” Library of Congress, copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.

Bibliography:

Format:

Last Name, First Name. “Title.” Date of speech. Location of speech. Medium, running time. Information on where the recording can be found.

Example:

Coolidge, Calvin. “Equal Rights” (speech). ca. 1920. In “American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election, 1918–1920.” Library of Congress. Copy of an undated 78 rpm disc, RealAudio and WAV formats, 3:45. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/.

Film

Notes:

Format:

1. Title of Work, directed/performed by Firstname Lastname (Original release year; City: Studio/Distributor, video release year), medium.

Example:

1.  Joe Versus the Volcano, directed by John Patrick Shanley (1990; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002), DVD.

Bibliography:

Format:

Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Work.  Original Release Date; City: Studio/Distributor, video release year. Medium.

Example:

Shanley, John Patrick, dir. Joe Versus the Volcano. 1990; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2002. DVD.

If your professor permits the use of AI, Chicago style requires that you credit AI-generated material with a footnote but do not include it on the bibliography page.

How you cite generative AI depends on whether you've included the prompt in your paper's text. If the prompt is already in your paper, you do not need to repeat it in the citation.

• Note: If the URL requires a password for retrieval, it is considered non-essential and can be omitted from the citation

Notes example of Prompt included in the paper:

1. Text generated by ChatGPT, March 7, 2023, OpenAI .https://chat.openai.com/chat.

Notes example of Prompt not included in the paper:

1. ChatGPT, response to “Explain how to make pizza dough from common household ingredients,” March 7, 2023, OpenAI.

Additional information on artificial intelligence is found on the Style Q&A page of The Chicago Manual of Style Online at chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html